Semiconductor device with multiple HBTs having different emitter ballast resistances

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor device with multiple heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) that have different emitter ballast resistances. The disclosed semiconductor device includes a substrate, a first HBT and a second HBT formed over the substrate. The first HBT includes a first collector, a first base over the first collector, a first emitter over the first base, and a first cap structure over the first emitter. The second HBT includes a second collector, a second base over the second collector, a second emitter over the second base, and a second cap structure over the second emitter. Herein, the first cap structure is different from the second cap structure, such that a first emitter ballast resistance from the first cap structure is at least 1.5 times greater than a second emitter ballast resistance from the second cap structure.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/296,128, filed Feb. 17, 2016, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor device with multiple heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and more particularly to a semiconductor device with multiple HBTs that have different emitter ballast resistances for improved thermal stability performance.

BACKGROUND

Transistors are an essential component in modern mobile communications devices. Specifically, transistors play a vital role in the transmission and reception of radio frequency (RF) signals in the front end of a mobile communications device. Due to the decreasing form factor of mobile communications devices, the desire for a longer battery life, and support for an increasing number of stringent wireless communications standards, there is an ongoing need for smaller, more efficient transistor devices with improved performance characteristics.

As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, one way to improve the performance at high frequencies (e.g., radio frequencies) is by using heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). At high frequencies, HBTs offer many performance advantages over homojunction bipolar transistors. The performance advantages offered by conventional HBTs primarily arise due to a wider energy bandgap in the material of the emitter of the device as compared to the energy bandgap in the material of the base of the device. The wider energy bandgap of the emitter material allows for many parameters dictating the performance of the device to be optimized for high frequencies without degrading the current gain of the device.

For high power applications, multiple HBTs may be integrated into one semiconductor circuit to accommodate high currents as shown in FIG. 1. In some conditions, one of the HBTs, like HBT1, may run hotter than the other HBTs, and draw more current resulting in thermal runaway. One solution to provide good thermal stability for HBT1-HBTn is to apply emitter ballast resistors R1-Rn in series with HBT1-HBTn, respectively. These emitter ballast resistors R1-Rn may be provided by conventional thin film resistors, which may, however, significantly increase the size of the semiconductor circuit. Further, for some packaging technology, like flip-chip technology, emitters e1-en of the HBT1-HBTn will be connected together (not shown), which basically shorts out the emitter ballast resistors R1-Rn. As such, the HBT1-HBTn will not have different emitter ballast resistors to improve the thermal stability of the device.

Accordingly, there remains a need for improved semiconductor device designs to utilize the advantages of HBTs while achieving structure flexibilities such that HBTs may have different emitter ballast resistances for improved thermal stability performance. In addition, there is also a need to keep the size and cost of the final products effective.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor device with multiple heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) that have different emitter ballast resistances for improved thermal stability performance. The disclosed semiconductor device includes a substrate, a first HBT, and a second HBT formed over the substrate. The first HBT includes a first collector, a first base formed over the first collector, a first emitter formed over the first base, a first cap structure formed over the first emitter, and a first emitter contact connected to the first cap structure. The second HBT includes a second collector, a second base formed over the second collector, a second emitter formed over the second base, a second cap structure formed over the second emitter, and a second emitter contact connected to the second cap structure. Herein, the first cap structure is different from the second cap structure, such that a first emitter ballast resistance from the first cap structure between the first emitter contact and the first emitter is at least 1.5 times greater than a second emitter ballast resistance from the second cap structure between the second emitter contact and the second emitter.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate the scope of the present disclosure and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in association with the accompanying drawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows multiple paralleling heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with emitter ballast resistors.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary semiconductor device with multiple HBTs that have different emitter ballast resistances according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary semiconductor device with multiple HBTs that have different emitter ballast resistances according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary semiconductor device with multiple HBTs that have different emitter ballast resistances according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A-5C provide exemplary steps that illustrate a process to fabricate the exemplary semiconductor device shown in FIG. 2.

FIGS. 6A-6D provide exemplary steps that illustrate a process to fabricate the exemplary semiconductor device shown in FIG. 3.

FIGS. 7A-7C provide exemplary steps that illustrate a process to fabricate the exemplary semiconductor device shown in FIG. 4.

It will be understood that for clear illustrations, FIGS. 2-7 may not be drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region, or substrate is referred to as being “on” or extending “onto” another element, it can be directly on or extend directly onto the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or extending “directly onto” another element, there are no intervening elements present. Likewise, it will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region, or substrate is referred to as being “over” or extending “over” another element, it can be directly over or extend directly over the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly over” or extending “directly over” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present.

Relative terms such as “below” or “above” or “upper” or “lower” or “horizontal” or “vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, layer, or region to another element, layer, or region as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that these terms and those discussed above are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including” when used herein specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor device with multiple heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) that have different emitter ballast resistances and a process for making the same. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary semiconductor device 10 with multiple HBTs that have different emitter ballast resistances according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. For simplification, there are only two HBTs illustrated in the semiconductor package 10. In practical applications, the semiconductor package 10 may include 6 to 50 HBTs. Herein, the semiconductor package 10 includes a substrate 12, a first HBT 14 and a second HBT 16 formed over the substrate 12.

In detail, the substrate 12 may be semi-insulating and formed of Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs). The first HBT 14 includes a first subcollector 18, a first collector 20 formed over the first subcollector 18, a first base 22 formed over the first collector 20, a first emitter 24 formed over the first base 22, and a first cap structure 26 formed over the first emitter 24. In addition, a pair of first collector contacts 28 are formed over the first subcollector 18, a pair of first base contacts 30 are formed over the first base 22, and a first emitter contact 32 is formed over the first cap structure 26.

The first subcollector 18 may be formed from Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) with a doping concentration between 1e18/cm³ and 2e19/cm³. The first collector 20 may be formed from GaAs with a doping concentration between 1e15/cm³ and 2e17/cm³. In different applications, both GaAs and Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide (AlGaAs) may be used to form the first collector 20, and a gradient doping concentration may be used in the first collector 20 as well. The first base 22 may be formed from Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) with a doping concentration between 7e18/cm³ and 1e20/cm³. The first emitter 24 may be formed from Indium-Gallium-Phosphide (In_(x)Ga_(1-x)P) with a doping concentration between 5e16/cm³ and 5e17/cm³. Herein ‘x’ has a value between 0.4 and 0.6 representing relative quantities of respective elements. The first collector contacts 28, the first base collector contacts 30, and the first emitter contact 32 are formed from metals. The first subcollector 18 has a thickness between 5000 Å and 10000 Å, the first collector 20 has a thickness between 3000 Å and 12000 Å, the first base 22 has a thickness between 500 Å and 1600 Å, and the first emitter 24 has a thickness between 300 Å and 700 Å.

In this embodiment, the first cap structure 26 includes a first lower cap 34 formed over the first emitter 24, a first middle cap 36 formed over the first lower cap 34, a first ballast resistor layer 38 formed over the first middle cap 36, and a first upper cap 40 formed over the first ballast resistor layer 38. The first lower cap 34 may be formed from GaAs with a doping concentration between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³; the first middle cap 36 may be formed from GaAs compositionally graded into Indium-Gallium-Arsenide (InGaAs) from a bottom to a top of the first middle cap 36 with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³; and the first upper cap 40 may be formed from InGaAs with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³.

The first ballast resistor layer 38 may be formed from any lattice-match material to InGaAs with a wide bandgap. One exemplary material used in the first ballast resistor layer 38 is Indium-Aluminum-Arsenide (In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)As) (i.e., a mixture of approximately 50% Indium-Arsenide and 50% Aluminum-Arsenide). Another exemplary material used in the first ballast resistor layer 38 is Indium-Phosphide (InP). In addition, In_(y)Ga_((1-y))As with a different composition of In_(y)As and Ga_((1-y))As than the first upper cap 40 may also be used in the first ballast resistor layer 38. Herein ‘y’ represents relative quantities of the Indium element. In this embodiment, ‘y’ having a value less than 0.5 may provide the first ballast resistor layer 38 a wider bandgap with additional constraints of engineering the composition and thickness to make the first ballast resistor layer 38 pseudomorphic. The first ballast resistor layer 38 is provided as an emitter ballast resistor integrated within the first HBT 14 between the first emitter 24 and the first emitter contact 32. A doping concentration of the first ballast resistor layer 38 is relatively low between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³, because the first ballast resistor layer 38 is used as a carrier (electrons/holes) barrier. The resistance of the first ballast resistor layer 38 may also be controlled by its thickness. In this embodiment, the first ballast resistor layer 38 has a thickness between 10 Å and 1500 Å.

The second HBT 16 has a similar configuration to the first HBT 14. The second HBT 16 includes a second subcollector 42, a second collector 44 formed over the second subcollector 42, a second base 46 formed over the second collector 44, a second emitter 48 formed over the second base 46, and a second cap structure 50 formed over the second emitter 48. In addition, a pair of second collector contacts 52 are formed over the second subcollector 42, a pair of second base contacts 54 are formed over the second base 46, and a second emitter contact 56 is formed over the second cap structure 50.

The first subcollector 18 and the second subcollector 42 may be formed from a common subcollector layer, the first collector 20 and the second collector 44 may be formed from a common collector layer, the first base 22 and the second base 46 may be formed from a common base layer, and the first emitter 24 and the second emitter 48 may be formed from a common emitter layer. Herein, forming from a common (subcollector/collector/base/emitter) layer refers to forming from a common epitaxial layer with a same material composition, a same doping concentration, and a same thickness, which may be broken into discontinuous segments during fabrication. In some applications, the common subcollector layer is a contiguous subcollector layer (not shown).

The second cap structure 50 is different from the first cap structure 26 and includes a second lower cap 58 and a second middle cap 60 without a ballast resistor layer. The second lower cap 58 may be formed from GaAs with a doping concentration between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³; and the second middle cap 60 may be formed from GaAs compositionally graded into InGaAs from a bottom to a top of the second middle cap 60 with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³. The first lower cap 34 and the second lower cap 58 may be formed from a common lower cap layer, and the first middle cap 36 and the second middle cap 60 may be formed from a common middle cap layer. Herein, forming from a common (lower/middle) cap layer refers to forming from a common epitaxial layer with a same material composition, a same doping concentration, and a same thickness, which may be broken into discontinuous segments during fabrication.

Because the first cap structure 26 includes the first ballast resistor layer 38, which is used as a carrier (electrons/holes) barrier, and the second cap structure 50 does not include a ballast resistor layer, a first emitter ballast resistance from the first cap structure 26 is at least 1.5 times greater than a second emitter ballast resistance from the second cap structure 50. The chosen first emitter ballast resistance is dependent on the specific application in which the first HBT 14 is used. The first emitter ballast resistance is formed between the first emitter 24 and the first emitter contact 32, and the second emitter ballast resistance is formed between the second emitter 48 and the second emitter contact 56.

In order to get a relatively low emitter ballast resistance compared to the first emitter ballast resistance of the first HBT 14, another configuration of a second HBT 16L is provided as illustrated in FIG. 3. The second HBT 16L has a similar configuration to the first HBT 14. The second HBT 16L includes a second cap structure 50L, which includes the second lower cap 58, the second middle cap 60, a second ballast resistor layer 62, and a second upper cap 64. The second ballast resistor layer 62 may be formed from the same material composition with the same doping concentration and thickness as the first ballast resistor layer 38. The second upper cap 64 and the first upper cap 40 may be formed from a common upper cap layer. Herein, forming from a common upper cap layer refers to forming from a common epitaxial layer with a same material composition, a same doping concentration, and a same thickness, which may be broken into discontinuous segments during fabrication.

The difference from the first HBT 14 is that the second HBT 16L includes a lengthened second emitter contact 56L, which is not formed over the second cap structure 50L, but extends through the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62, and extends into the second middle cap 60. Because the lengthened second emitter contact 56L is formed from an alloyed metal, the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62 are shorted. As such, the first emitter ballast resistance of the first HBT 14 between the first emitter 24 and the first emitter contacts 32 is at least 1.5 times greater than a second emitter ballast resistance of the second HBT 16L between the second emitter 48 and the lengthened second emitter contact 56L.

FIG. 4 shows another exemplary semiconductor device 10NB with multiple HBTs that have different emitter ballast resistances according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The semiconductor package 10NB includes the substrate 12, a first HBT 14NB and a second HBT 16NB formed over the substrate 12, where neither the first HBT 14NB nor the second HBT 16NB includes a ballast resistor layer.

The first HBT 14NB includes the first subcollector 18, the first collector 20 formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base 22 formed over the first collector 20, the first emitter 24 formed over the first base 22, and a first cap structure 26NB formed over the first emitter 24. Herein, the first cap structure 26NB only includes the first lower cap 34. In addition, the first collector contacts 28 are formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base contacts 30 are formed over the first base 22, and the first emitter contact 32 is formed over the first lower cap 34.

The second HBT 16NB has a similar configuration to the first HBT 14NB. The difference from the first HBT 14NB is that the second HBT 16NB has a second cap structure 50NB, which includes the second lower cap 58 formed over the second emitter 48, the second middle cap 60 formed over the second lower cap 58, and the second upper cap 64 formed over the second middle cap 60 without a ballasted resistor layer. The second emitter contact 56 is formed over the second cap structure 50NB and in contact with the second upper cap 64. Herein, the second lower cap 58 may be formed from a common lower cap layer as the first lower cap 34. Forming from a common lower cap layer refers to forming from a common epitaxial layer with a same material composition, a same doping concentration, and a same thickness, which may be broken into discontinuous segments during fabrication. The second middle cap 60 and second upper cap 64 may be comprised of a superlattice structure.

The first cap structure 26NB has a higher contact resistance than the second cap 50NB because the second lower cap 58 (the first lower cap 34) is designed to have a higher contact resistance than the second upper cap 64 due to lower doping concentration and a different material composition from the second upper cap 64. In addition, the second middle cap 60 and second upper cap 64 may be comprised of the superlattice structure, which is designed to give a low contact resistance to the second emitter cap 50NB. As such, a first emitter ballast resistance of the first HBT 14NB between the first emitter 24 and the first emitter contact 32 is at least 1.5 times greater than a second emitter ballast resistance of the second HBT 16NB between the second emitter 48 and the second emitter contact 56.

FIGS. 5A-5C provide exemplary steps that illustrate a process to fabricate the exemplary semiconductor device 10 shown in FIG. 2. Although the exemplary steps are illustrated in a series, the exemplary steps are not necessarily order dependent. Some steps may be done in a different order than that presented. Further, processes within the scope of this disclosure may include fewer or more steps than those illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C.

Initially, a first no-contact HBT 14NC and a second no-contact HBT 16NC formed over the substrate 12 are provided as depicted in FIG. 5A. The first no-contact HBT 14NC includes the first subcollector 18, the first collector 20 formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base 22 formed over the first collector 20, the first emitter 24 formed over the first base 22, and the first cap structure 26 formed over the first emitter 24. The first cap structure 26 includes the first lower cap 34 formed over the first emitter 24, the first middle cap 36 formed over the first lower cap 34, the first ballast resistor layer 38 formed over the first middle cap 36, and the first upper cap 40 formed over the first ballast resistor layer 38.

The second no-contact HBT 16NC has a similar configuration to the first no-contact HBT 14NC. The second no-contact HBT 16NC includes the second subcollector 42, the second collector 44 formed over the second subcollector 42, the second base 46 formed over the second collector 44, the second emitter 48 formed over the second base 46, and a second before-etching cap structure 50′ formed over the second emitter 48. The second before-etching cap structure 50′ includes the second lower cap 58 formed over the second emitter 48, the second middle cap 60 formed over the second lower cap 58, the second ballast resistor layer 62 formed over the second middle cap 60, and the second upper cap 64 formed over the second ballast resistor layer 62. Herein, the second ballast resistor layer 62 may be formed from any lattice-match material to InGaAs with a wide bandgap. The second ballast resistor layer 62 may be formed of In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)As, InP or In_(y)Ga_((1-y))As and used as an etch stop layer in a later step.

Next, the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62 are removed from the second no-contact HBT 16NC to form a second etched HBT 16E as depicted in FIG. 5B. The second lower cap 58 and the second middle cap 60 are included in the second cap structure 50 of the second etched HBT 16E. A wet/dry etchant chemistry, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and acetylcholine (ACH), may be used to remove the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62.

Finally, the first collector contacts 28, the first base contacts 30, and the first emitter contact 32 are provided to the first no-contact HBT 14NC to form the first HBT 14, and the second collector contacts 52, the second base contacts 54, and the second emitter contact 56 are provided to the second etched HBT 16E to form the second HBT 16 as depicted in FIG. 5C. For the first HBT 14, the first collector contacts 28 are formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base contacts 30 are formed over the first base 22, and the first emitter contact 32 is formed over the first upper cap 40 of the first cap structure 26. For the second HBT 16, the second collector contacts 52 are formed over the second subcollector 42, the second base contacts 54 are formed over the second base 46, and the second emitter contact 56 is formed over the second middle cap 60 of the second cap structure 50.

FIGS. 6A-6D provide exemplary steps that illustrate a process to fabricate the exemplary semiconductor device 10L shown in FIG. 3. Although the exemplary steps are illustrated in a series, the exemplary steps are not necessarily order dependent. Some steps may be done in a different order than that presented. Further, processes within the scope of this disclosure may include fewer or more steps than those illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6D.

Initially, a first no-contact HBT 14NC and a second no-contact HBT 16NC formed over the substrate 12 are provided as depicted in FIG. 6A. The first no-contact HBT 14NC includes the first subcollector 18, the first collector 20 formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base 22 formed over the first collector 20, the first emitter 24 formed over the first base 22, and the first cap structure 26 formed over the first emitter 24. The first cap structure 26 includes the first lower cap 34 formed over the first emitter 24, the first middle cap 36 formed over the first lower cap 34, the first ballast resistor layer 38 formed over the first middle cap 36, and the first upper cap 40 formed over the first ballast resistor layer 38.

The second no-contact HBT 16NC has a similar configuration to the first no-contact HBT 14NC. The second no-contact HBT 16NC includes the second subcollector 42, the second collector 44 formed over the second subcollector 42, the second base 46 formed over the second collector 44, the second emitter 48 formed over the second base 46, and the second cap structure 50L formed over the second emitter 48. The second cap structure 50L includes the second lower cap 58 formed over the second emitter 48, the second middle cap 60 formed over the second lower cap 58, the second ballast resistor layer 62 formed over the second middle cap 60, and the second upper cap 64 formed over the second ballast resistor layer 62. Herein, the second ballast resistor layer 62 may be formed from any lattice-match material to InGaAs with a wide bandgap. The second ballast resistor layer 62 may have a low doping concentration between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³, and be formed of In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)As, InP or In_(y)Ga_((1-y))As. Herein, ‘y’ represents relative quantities of Indium element. In this embodiment, ‘y’ having a value less than 0.5 may provide the second ballast resistor layer 62 a wider bandgap with additional constraints of engineering the composition and thickness to make the second ballast resistor layer 62 pseudomorphic.

Next, the first collector contacts 28 and the first base contacts 30 are provided to the first no-contact HBT 14NC to form a first no-emitter-contact HBT 14NEC, and the second collector contacts 52 and the second base contacts 54 are provided to the second no-contact HBT 16NC to form a second no-emitter-contact HBT 16NEC as depicted in FIG. 6B. The first collector contacts 28 are formed over the first subcollector 18, and the first base contacts 30 are formed over the first base 22. The second collector contacts 52 are formed over the second subcollector 42, and the second base contacts 54 are formed over the second base 46. The first emitter contact 32 is provided to the first no-emitter-contact HBT 14NEC to form the first HBT 14 as depicted in FIG. 6C. The emitter contact 32 is formed over the upper cap 40 of the first HBT 14.

Finally, the lengthened second emitter contact 56L is provided to the second no-emitter-contact HBT 16NEC to form the second HBT 16L as depicted in FIG. 6D. The lengthened second emitter contact 56L extends through the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62 of the second cap structure 50L, and extends into the second middle cap 60. The lengthened second emitter contact 56L may be formed from alloyed metal such that the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62 are shorted, and the resistances from the second upper cap 64 and the second ballast resistor layer 62 are substantially eliminated. The lengthened second emitter contact 56L may be provided by an alloying process. Alternatively, a trench may be etched by a wet or dry chemistry to reach into the second middle cap 60, and then the lengthened second emitter contact 56L is placed into the trench.

FIGS. 7A-7C provide exemplary steps that illustrate a process to fabricate the exemplary semiconductor device 10NB shown in FIG. 4. Although the exemplary steps are illustrated in a series, the exemplary steps are not necessarily order dependent. Some steps may be done in a different order than that presented. Further, processes within the scope of this disclosure may include fewer or more steps than those illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C.

Initially, a first no-contact HBT 14NB-NC and a second no-contact HBT 16NB-NC formed over the substrate 12 are provided as depicted in FIG. 7A. The first no-contact HBT 14NB-NC includes the first subcollector 18, the first collector 20 formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base 22 formed over the first collector 20, the first emitter 24 formed over the first base 22, and a first before-etching cap structure 26NB′ formed over the first emitter 24. The first before-etching cap structure 26NB′ includes the first lower cap 34 formed over the first emitter 24, the first middle cap 36 formed over the first lower cap 34, and the first upper cap 40 formed over the first middle cap 40. Notice that there is no ballast resistor layer inside the first before-etching cap structure 26NB′. The first middle cap 36 may be formed from GaAs compositionally graded into Indium-Gallium-Arsenide (InGaAs) from a bottom to a top of the first middle cap 36 and may be used as an etched stop layer in a later step.

The second no-contact HBT 16NB-NC has a similar configuration to the first no-contact HBT 14NB-NC. The second no-contact HBT 16NB-NC includes the second subcollector 42, the second collector 44 formed over the second subcollector 42, the second base 46 formed over the second collector 44, the second emitter 48 formed over the second base 46, and the second cap structure 50NB formed over the second emitter 48. The second cap structure 50NB includes the second lower cap 58 formed over the second emitter 48, the second middle cap 60 formed over the second lower cap 58, and the second upper cap 64 formed over the second middle cap 60. There is no ballast resistor layer inside the second cap structure 50NB.

Next, the first upper cap 40 and the first middle cap 36 are removed from the first no-contact HBT 14NB-NC to form a first etched HBT 14NBE as depicted in FIG. 7B. The first lower cap 34 is included in the first cap structure 26NB of the first etched HBT 14NBE. A wet/dry etchant chemistry, such as KOH, NaOH, and ACH, may be used to remove the first upper cap 40 and the first middle cap 36. Because the first middle cap 36 and the first upper cap 40 are highly doped with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³, the first lower cap 34 alone has a higher contact resistance than the first before-etching cap structure 26NB′, which combines the first lower cap 34, the first middle cap 36, and the first upper cap 40. Further, because the first lower cap 34 and the second lower cap 58 may be formed from a common lower cap layer, the first middle cap 36 and the second middle cap 60 may be formed from a common middle cap layer, and the first upper cap 40 and the second upper cap 64 may be formed from a common upper cap layer, the first lower cap 34 alone may have a higher contact resistance than the second cap structure 50NB, which combines the second lower cap 58, the second middle cap 60, and the second upper cap 64.

Finally, the first collector contacts 28, the first base contacts 30, and the first emitter contact 32 are provided to the first etched HBT 14NBE to form the first HBT 14NB, and the second collector contacts 52, the second base contacts 54, and the second emitter contact 56 are provided to the second no-contact HBT 16NB-NC to form the second HBT 16NB as depicted in FIG. 7C. For the first HBT 14, the first collector contacts 28 are formed over the first subcollector 18, the first base contacts 30 are formed over the first base 22, and the first emitter contact 32 is formed over the first lower cap 34 of the first cap structure 26NB. For the second HBT 16, the second collector contacts 52 are formed over the second subcollector 42, the second base contacts 54 are formed over the second base 46, and the second emitter contact 56 is formed over the second upper cap 64 of the second cap structure 50NB.

Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims that follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a substrate; a first heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) formed over the substrate and comprising: a first collector; a first base formed over the first collector; a first emitter formed over the first base; a first cap structure formed over the first emitter; and a first emitter contact connected to the first cap structure; and a second HBT formed over the substrate and comprising: a second collector; a second base formed over the second collector; a second emitter formed over the second base; a second cap structure formed over the second emitter; and a second emitter contact connected to the second cap structure, wherein the first cap structure is different from the second cap structure, such that a first emitter ballast resistance between the first emitter and the first emitter contact is at least 1.5 times greater than a second emitter ballast resistance between the second emitter and the second emitter contact.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first collector and the second collector are formed from a common collector layer, the first base and the second base are formed from a common base layer, and the first emitter and the second emitter are formed from a common emitter layer.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first cap structure comprises: a first lower cap formed over the first emitter; a first middle cap formed over the first lower cap; a first ballast resistor layer formed over the first middle cap; and a first upper cap formed over the first ballast resistor layer, wherein the first emitter contact is formed over the first upper cap.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the second cap structure comprises: a second lower cap formed over the second emitter; and a second middle cap formed over the second lower cap, wherein the second emitter contact is formed over the second middle cap.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the first lower cap and the second lower cap are formed from a common lower cap layer, and the first middle cap and the second middle cap are formed from a common middle cap layer.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the first ballast resistor layer has a doping concentration less than 1e19/cm³ and comprises one from a group consisting of Indium-Aluminum-Arsenide (InAlAs), Indium-Phosphide (InP), and Indium-Gallium-Arsenide (InGaAs).
 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the first ballast resistor layer has a thickness between 10 Å and 1500 Å.
 8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein: the first lower cap and the second lower cap comprise Gallium Arsenide with a doping concentration between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³; the first middle cap and the second middle cap comprise Gallium-Arsenide compositionally graded into Indium-Gallium-Arsenide with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³; and the first upper cap comprises Indium-Gallium-Arsenide with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³.
 9. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the second cap structure comprises: a second lower cap formed over the second emitter; a second middle cap formed over the second lower cap; a second ballast resistor layer formed over the second middle cap; and a second upper cap formed over the second ballast resistor layer, wherein the second emitter contact extends through the second upper cap and the second ballast resistor layer, and extends into the second middle cap.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the first lower cap and the second lower cap are formed from a common lower cap layer, the first middle cap and the second middle cap are formed from a common middle cap layer, and the first upper cap and the second upper cap are formed from a common upper cap layer.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein: the first ballast resistor layer has a doping concentration less than 1e19/cm³ and comprises one from a group consisting of InAlAs, InP, and InGaAs; and the second ballast resistor layer has a doping concentration less than 1e19/cm³ and comprises one from a group consisting of InAlAs, InP, and InGaAs.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the first ballast resistor layer has a thickness between 10 Å and 1500 Å, and the second ballast resistor layer has a thickness between 10 Å and 1500 Å.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein: the first lower cap and the second lower cap comprise Gallium Arsenide with a doping concentration between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³; the first middle cap and the second middle cap comprise Gallium-Arsenide compositionally graded into Indium-Gallium-Arsenide with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³; and the first upper cap and the second upper cap comprise Indium-Gallium-Arsenide with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first cap structure comprises a first lower cap formed over the first emitter, and the first emitter contact is formed over the first lower cap.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the second cap structure comprises: a second lower cap formed over the second emitter; a second middle cap formed over the second lower cap; and a second upper cap formed over the second middle cap, wherein the second emitter contact is formed over the second upper cap.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the first lower cap and the second lower cap are formed from a common lower cap layer.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein: the first lower cap and the second lower cap comprise Gallium Arsenide with a doping concentration between 1e17/cm³ and 1e19/cm³; the second middle cap comprises Gallium-Arsenide compositionally graded into Indium-Gallium-Arsenide with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³; and the second upper cap comprises Indium-Gallium-Arsenide with a doping concentration greater than 1e19/cm³.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the second middle cap and second upper cap are comprised of a superlattice structure.
 19. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first HBT further comprises a first subcollector between the substrate and the first collector and the second HBT further comprises a second subcollector between the substrate and the second collector.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the first subcollector and the second subcollector are formed from a common subcollector layer.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the first subcollector and the second subcollector are formed from a contiguous subcollector layer.
 22. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein either the first HBT and the second HBT are NPN-type bipolar transistors or the first HBT and the second HBT are PNP-type bipolar transistors. 